About Conference

Session and Tracks

TRACK 1 : Advances in Neuromuscular Rehabilitation

Neuromuscular rehabilitation is evolving rapidly, integrating cutting-edge research and technology to improve outcomes for individuals with neurological and muscular disorders. This field focuses on restoring function, enhancing mobility, and improving quality of life for patients affected by conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and peripheral neuropathies .Robotic-assisted therapies and wearable exoskeletons support motor recovery by facilitating precise, repetitive movements that strengthen neural pathways. These devices enable customized rehabilitation tailored to each patient's mobility needs and goals.
FES devices stimulate specific muscle groups to facilitate controlled movement, often used for gait training in stroke or spinal cord injury patients. By reactivating dormant muscles, FES helps retrain motor skills and improves functional mobility. BCI systems allow patients to control external devices through brain signals, providing a pathway to retrain movement in the absence of voluntary control. This technology is particularly promising for severe paralysis rehabilitation.

TRACK 2 : Innovations in Geriatric Physiotherapy

Geriatric physiotherapy is undergoing transformative advancements as new techniques and technologies focus on improving the mobility, independence, and quality of life for older adults. Aging often brings unique physical challenges, such as reduced bone density, decreased muscle strength, and higher susceptibility to chronic conditions. Innovations in this field are aimed at addressing these age-related issues while ensuring safe and effective rehabilitation. Advanced balance training programs combine sensor-based assessments and exercises to reduce the risk of falls—a leading cause of injury among the elderly. Programs focus on enhancing proprioception, coordination, and stability through evidence-based exercises and real-time feedback. Telehealth enables therapists to remotely monitor and guide exercises, making physiotherapy more accessible to seniors who may have mobility or transportation challenges. This approach improves compliance, offers timely adjustments, and provides patients with the flexibility to exercise at home. Wearable’s like smart bands and sensors monitor vital signs, track activity levels, and provide feedback on exercise performance, allowing therapists to design data-driven, personalized rehabilitation plans for seniors with conditions such as arthritis or cardiac issues.

TRACK 3 : Cutting-Edge Sports Injury Rehabilitation

Sports injury rehabilitation has evolved significantly, with cutting-edge techniques and technologies now offering faster recovery, reduced re-injury risk, and enhanced athletic performance. Whether addressing acute injuries like sprains and fractures or chronic issues such as tendinitis and joint instability, sports rehabilitation increasingly focuses on personalized, data-driven approaches to optimize each athlete’s recovery journey. Advanced motion-capture systems and biomechanical analysis tools assess movement patterns to pinpoint underlying imbalances and injury-prone techniques. This helps therapists create targeted rehabilitation programs while refining athletic technique to prevent future injuries. BFR training uses bands or cuffs to restrict blood flow to targeted muscles, enabling athletes to build strength and muscle mass even at low intensity. This technique accelerates recovery, especially for athletes limited by post-injury pain or recent surgery. Techniques like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections and stem cell therapy are increasingly used to accelerate healing in tendons, ligaments, and muscle tissue. These minimally invasive options are promising for reducing downtime and enhancing tissue regeneration.

TRACK 4 : AI and Robotics in Physical Therapy

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics in physical therapy is transforming the field, offering new ways to enhance patient recovery, improve therapist productivity, and make personalized rehabilitation more accessible. These technologies are particularly valuable for patients with mobility challenges, chronic conditions, or complex injuries, enabling more precise and adaptable therapeutic solutions. Robots like exoskeletons and motorized braces provide guided, repetitive movements for patients with reduced mobility. These devices support motor re-learning, particularly for stroke patients and those with spinal cord injuries, by helping them practice movements in a controlled, supportive environment. AI systems use motion-capture and sensor data to analyze patients' movements in real time, identifying irregularities and generating insights into their rehabilitation needs. This technology supports therapists in designing programs that address specific gait or posture issues, improving treatment precision. AI algorithms can process a patient’s data, including injury history and movement capacity, to create customized treatment plans. This ensures that therapy is uniquely suited to the patient's needs, providing the optimal intensity, duration, and types of exercises.

TRACK 5 : Postoperative Physiotherapy Techniques

Postoperative physiotherapy is a critical component of recovery for patients undergoing surgical procedures, aiming to restore function, enhance mobility, and minimize complications. Effective rehabilitation techniques can significantly impact healing, improve outcomes, and facilitate a quicker return to daily activities. Here are key postoperative physiotherapy techniques. Encouraging early movement after surgery helps prevent complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pneumonia, and muscle atrophy. Physiotherapists assess patient readiness and guide them in gradually increasing activity levels, starting with simple movements like sitting up and standing. Utilizing techniques like manual therapy, modalities (ice, heat, ultrasound), and guided relaxation can help manage postoperative pain. Effective pain control is essential to facilitate active participation in rehabilitation. Postoperative patients, especially those who have undergone thoracic or abdominal surgeries, benefit from deep breathing exercises. These exercises enhance lung expansion, improve oxygenation, and prevent atelectasis (collapse of lung tissue). Techniques like diaphragmatic breathing and incentive spirometry are commonly used. Gentle passive or active-assisted ROM exercises are introduced early to prevent stiffness and maintain joint mobility. Physiotherapists tailor these exercises based on the surgical site and patient condition, ensuring movements are within safe limits. Once pain is managed and mobility is established, physiotherapists incorporate progressive strengthening exercises. These may include isometric contractions, resistance bands, or light weights, focusing on specific muscle groups affected by the surgery.

TRACK 6 : Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation

Pelvic floor rehabilitation is a specialized area of physical therapy focusing on the muscles and connective tissues that support the pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus, and rectum. Effective rehabilitation is crucial for individuals experiencing pelvic floor dysfunction, which can lead to issues such as urinary incontinence, pelvic pain, and sexual dysfunction. This approach aims to restore optimal function, improve quality of life, and empower patients with knowledge and self-management strategies. A thorough assessment is the first step in pelvic floor rehabilitation. This includes a detailed medical history, subjective questionnaires, and physical examinations (including internal assessments when necessary) to identify specific dysfunctions, muscle strength, flexibility, and overall pelvic alignment. Educating patients about pelvic floor anatomy, function, and the nature of their dysfunction is essential. Understanding the pelvic floor’s role can empower patients to take an active role in their recovery and reduce anxiety associated with symptoms. In addition to exercises, education is a key component of pelvic floor rehabilitation. Patients learn about proper body mechanics, posture, and lifestyle modifications that can alleviate symptoms. The rehabilitation process is personalized, taking into account the patient's unique situation, including factors like age, pregnancy, and surgery history. Ultimately, pelvic floor rehabilitation aims to empower individuals by restoring function, reducing discomfort, and enhancing their overall quality of life, allowing them to engage in daily activities with confidence and ease.

TRACK 7 : Advances in Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation

Pediatric physical rehabilitation is a specialized field focused on the assessment and treatment of children with physical impairments due to congenital conditions, developmental delays, injuries, or medical conditions. Advances in this field are transforming how therapists approach rehabilitation, ensuring that children receive effective, age-appropriate care tailored to their unique needs. Early identification and intervention for developmental delays and physical impairments are critical for improving long-term outcomes. Programs that focus on infants and toddlers utilize play-based therapies and family-centered approaches to foster motor skills and developmental milestones. The rise of telehealth has made pediatric physical therapy more accessible, allowing therapists to provide care remotely. Virtual sessions can include guided exercises, real-time feedback, and home exercise program management, making rehabilitation accessible to families in remote areas or those with mobility challenges. Advances in technology enable therapists to develop highly individualized exercise programs based on a child's specific needs, abilities, and interests. This customization increases engagement and motivation, leading to better adherence and outcomes.

TRACK 8 : Chronic Pain Management in Physical Therapy

Chronic pain is a complex and often debilitating condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. It can result from various factors, including injury, illness, or an underlying medical condition, and can significantly impact physical, emotional, and social well-being. Physical therapy plays a crucial role in the multidisciplinary approach to managing chronic pain, providing effective strategies to reduce pain, improve function, and enhance the quality of life. A thorough assessment is essential for understanding the patient's pain experience, including its intensity, duration, triggers, and impact on daily life. Physical therapists conduct detailed evaluations to identify the underlying causes of pain and assess physical limitations, movement patterns, and overall function. Based on the assessment, physical therapists develop tailored treatment plans that address the unique needs and goals of each patient. These plans may incorporate a combination of therapeutic modalities, exercises, and education to manage pain effectively. Applying heat can relax muscles and improve blood flow, while cold therapy can reduce inflammation and numb acute pain.  Modalities like TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) can help relieve pain by stimulating nerves and blocking pain signals to the brain. A crucial component of chronic pain management, exercise therapy helps improve strength, flexibility, and endurance while reducing pain levels.  Low-impact activities, such as walking, swimming, or cycling, improve cardiovascular fitness and can reduce pain perception. Targeting specific muscle groups enhances stability and support around painful areas, reducing strain and discomfort. These exercises improve range of motion and reduce muscle tension, contributing to pain relief.

TRACK 9 : Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in Rehabilitation

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are innovative technologies transforming the landscape of rehabilitation across various fields, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and cognitive rehabilitation. These immersive environments create engaging and interactive experiences, enhancing patient motivation and improving therapeutic outcomes. VR and AR provide immersive experiences that capture patients’ attention and increase their motivation to participate in rehabilitation activities. By gamifying exercises and creating interactive environments, patients are more likely to engage in their therapy sessions and adhere to their treatment plans. VR allows for the creation of safe, controlled environments where patients can practice skills without the risks associated with real-life scenarios. This is particularly beneficial for individuals recovering from injuries, surgeries, or neurological conditions, enabling them to rehearse movements and strategies in a virtual setting. VR and AR technologies enable therapists to customize rehabilitation programs based on individual patient needs, abilities, and goals. Virtual environments can be adjusted in difficulty and complexity, allowing for personalized progression and targeted training. Advanced VR and AR systems can provide real-time feedback on performance, helping patients understand their progress and make adjustments during exercises. This immediate feedback enhances learning and allows for better adherence to prescribed movements. In cognitive rehabilitation, VR can create scenarios that challenge patients’ cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, and problem-solving. These activities can help individuals with brain injuries, strokes, or cognitive impairments improve their mental skills in a controlled and engaging environment.

TRACK 10 : Manual Therapy Techniques and Their Efficacy

Manual therapy is a hands-on approach used by physical therapists, chiropractors, and other healthcare professionals to treat musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. This method involves skilled manipulation and mobilization of muscles, joints, and soft tissues to enhance physical function, alleviate pain, and promote healing. With a growing body of research supporting its effectiveness, manual therapy is increasingly recognized as a valuable component of comprehensive rehabilitation programs. Soft tissue mobilization involves applying pressure and manipulation to muscles, fascia, and connective tissues. Techniques such as kneading, stretching, and friction help relieve muscle tension, improve circulation, and enhance tissue flexibility. Joint mobilization entails passive movements applied to joints to restore mobility and reduce pain. This technique targets restricted or hypomobile joints, improving range of motion (ROM) and function. It is often performed in a graded manner, progressing from gentle oscillatory movements to more sustained stretches. Numerous studies have demonstrated that manual therapy effectively reduces pain in various conditions, including back pain, neck pain, headaches, and joint pain. Techniques like joint mobilization and manipulation can provide immediate relief and improve function. Manual therapy has been shown to enhance flexibility and range of motion, particularly in individuals with musculoskeletal restrictions. Techniques such as myofascial release and joint mobilization contribute to increased mobility and improved functional performance.

TRACK 11 : Integrative Approaches in Physiotherapy

Integrative approaches in physiotherapy combine conventional therapeutic techniques with complementary therapies to address patients' physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. This holistic model recognizes that each individual is unique and requires a tailored approach to treatment. By blending traditional physiotherapy practices—such as manual therapy, exercise prescription, and modalities like ultrasound or electrical stimulation—with complementary therapies like acupuncture, yoga, or mindfulness, practitioners can provide a comprehensive treatment plan that promotes healing and recovery. Integrative physiotherapy focuses on the whole person rather than just the injury or ailment. For instance, addressing stress or emotional factors can significantly impact physical recovery. Techniques like guided imagery and relaxation exercises can help reduce anxiety, allowing patients to engage more fully in their rehabilitation process. Additionally, education on nutrition and lifestyle modifications can empower individuals to take an active role in their recovery. Research has shown that integrative approaches can enhance pain management, improve mobility, and increase overall patient satisfaction. By fostering a collaborative environment, physiotherapists can work alongside other health professionals to create cohesive care strategies that optimize outcomes. Ultimately, integrative physiotherapy aims to promote not just physical recovery but also emotional and psychological resilience, leading to improved overall health and well-being.

TRACK 12 : Hydrotherapy and Aquatic Rehabilitation

Hydrotherapy and aquatic rehabilitation utilize the unique properties of water to facilitate recovery and improve physical function. By leveraging buoyancy, resistance, and hydrostatic pressure, these therapies create a low-impact environment that supports movement, enhances strength, and promotes healing. Common applications include rehabilitation from orthopedic injuries, chronic pain management, neurological rehabilitation, and post-surgical recovery. The buoyancy of water allows individuals with joint pain or limited mobility to engage in exercises safely, reducing the risk of injury while improving range of motion and strength. Warm water can help relax muscles, alleviate stiffness, and promote pain relief, making aquatic therapy effective for conditions like arthritis and fibromyalgia. Additionally, aquatic exercises improve cardiovascular fitness and overall well-being, particularly for older adults and children with developmental challenges. Hydrotherapy often incorporates various techniques, including resistance exercises, therapeutic pools, and group therapy sessions, enhancing motivation and social interaction. Research supports the efficacy of hydrotherapy in improving pain relief, mobility, and quality of life. As a holistic approach, hydrotherapy and aquatic rehabilitation offer a versatile and effective option for patients seeking to enhance their recovery and functional abilities.

TRACK 13 : Rehabilitation for Cardiac and Pulmonary Conditions

Rehabilitation for cardiac and pulmonary conditions focuses on improving the physical, emotional, and social well-being of individuals with heart and lung diseases. These specialized programs are designed to enhance functional capacity, reduce symptoms, and promote a healthier lifestyle. Cardiac rehabilitation typically involves a structured exercise program, education on heart-healthy living, and counseling to manage risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Participants engage in supervised physical activity tailored to their abilities, gradually increasing intensity to improve cardiovascular fitness and endurance. Similarly, pulmonary rehabilitation targets individuals with chronic respiratory conditions like COPD and asthma. Programs incorporate breathing exercises, physical training, and education on managing symptoms and optimizing lung function. Patients learn techniques to enhance breathing efficiency and reduce shortness of breath during daily activities. Both cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation emphasize lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, smoking cessation, and stress management, to improve overall health. The multidisciplinary approach fosters collaboration among healthcare professionals, ensuring comprehensive care. Research shows that rehabilitation significantly enhances quality of life, reduces hospitalizations, and improves exercise tolerance. Ultimately, these programs empower patients to take control of their health and engage more fully in their daily lives.

TRACK 14 : Tele-rehabilitation: Remote Therapy Solutions

Tele-rehabilitation leverages technology to deliver rehabilitation services remotely, making therapy more accessible for individuals unable to attend in-person sessions. This innovative approach utilizes video conferencing, mobile apps, and digital monitoring tools to provide a range of therapeutic interventions, including physical, occupational, and speech therapy. Tele-rehabilitation offers numerous advantages, particularly for patients with mobility issues, those living in rural areas, or individuals with chronic conditions who require ongoing support. Through virtual consultations, therapists can assess patients, design personalized treatment plans, and provide real-time feedback on exercises and progress. Moreover, tele-rehabilitation fosters patient engagement by incorporating digital health tools that enable users to track their activities, receive reminders, and communicate directly with their therapists. This continuous connection enhances motivation and accountability, ultimately leading to better outcomes. Research indicates that tele-rehabilitation can be as effective as traditional in-person therapy, particularly for conditions such as musculoskeletal disorders, post-surgical recovery, and neurological rehabilitation. As the demand for remote healthcare solutions grows, tele-rehabilitation is poised to play a crucial role in transforming how rehabilitation services are delivered, ensuring patients receive high-quality care regardless of their location. This approach not only improves access to therapy but also supports a more patient-centered model of care.

TRACK 15 : Prosthetics and Orthotics in Rehabilitation

Prosthetics and orthotics play a vital role in rehabilitation by enhancing mobility and functionality for individuals with limb loss or musculoskeletal impairments. Prosthetics are artificial limbs designed to replace missing body parts, while orthotics are supportive devices that assist or enhance the function of existing limbs. In rehabilitation, the integration of prosthetics and orthotics begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's needs, abilities, and goals. This process involves collaboration between healthcare professionals, including physical therapists, orthotists, and prosthetists, to develop tailored solutions that optimize mobility and independence. Advanced technologies, such as 3D printing and computer-aided design, have significantly improved the customization and comfort of prosthetic and orthotic devices. These innovations enable the creation of lightweight, functional, and aesthetically pleasing solutions that meet individual preferences. Rehabilitation programs incorporating prosthetics and orthotics focus on teaching patients how to use their devices effectively, enhance strength, balance, and coordination, and adapt to new movement patterns. Ongoing support and follow-up are crucial to address any challenges and ensure successful integration into daily life. Ultimately, prosthetics and orthotics significantly enhance the quality of life, empowering individuals to regain independence and participate fully in their communities.

TRACK 16 : Biomechanics and Movement Analysis in Rehabilitation

Biomechanics and movement analysis are essential components of rehabilitation, providing valuable insights into how the body moves and functions. By examining the mechanics of human motion, healthcare professionals can identify abnormalities, assess injury mechanisms, and design targeted interventions to enhance recovery and performance. In rehabilitation, biomechanics involves studying forces, body alignment, and movement patterns to understand how they affect physical function. Movement analysis utilizes advanced technologies, such as motion capture systems and force plates, to evaluate an individual’s gait, posture, and overall movement efficiency. This data helps therapists pinpoint specific areas of weakness or dysfunction. By integrating biomechanics into rehabilitation, therapists can create personalized treatment plans that address the root causes of injuries and optimize movement patterns. For example, patients recovering from surgery may undergo gait analysis to refine their walking techniques, while athletes might receive biomechanical assessments to prevent injuries and improve performance. Furthermore, biomechanical principles guide the development of orthotic devices and prosthetics, ensuring they provide optimal support and enhance mobility. Overall, biomechanics and movement analysis play a critical role in rehabilitation, fostering better outcomes, enhancing functional abilities, and empowering individuals to achieve their goals in daily activities and sports.

TRACK 17 : Psychological Aspects of Rehabilitation

The psychological aspects of rehabilitation are crucial for fostering recovery and promoting overall well-being. Patients facing physical injuries, chronic pain, or disabilities often experience emotional challenges such as anxiety, depression, and frustration, which can impede their progress. Understanding and addressing these psychological factors is essential to create a holistic rehabilitation approach. Psychological support in rehabilitation involves assessing the emotional state of patients and providing interventions to enhance coping strategies, motivation, and resilience. Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and stress management are often integrated into rehabilitation programs to help patients navigate the emotional complexities of their recovery journey. Building a strong therapeutic alliance between healthcare professionals and patients is vital for instilling trust and encouragement. This relationship fosters a supportive environment where patients feel empowered to set achievable goals and engage actively in their rehabilitation. Moreover, involving family and caregivers in the rehabilitation process can provide additional emotional support and enhance motivation. Acknowledging the psychological aspects of rehabilitation not only improves adherence to treatment plans but also enhances overall quality of life. Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of psychological factors is essential for optimizing rehabilitation outcomes and empowering patients to reclaim their independence and well-being.

TRACK 18 : Exercise Prescription and Functional Training

Exercise prescription and functional training are critical components of rehabilitation, focusing on enhancing physical capabilities and improving daily living activities. Exercise prescription involves developing individualized exercise plans tailored to a patient’s specific needs, goals, and medical conditions. This process begins with a thorough assessment of the individual’s physical abilities, limitations, and overall health status. Functional training emphasizes exercises that mimic everyday activities, helping patients regain strength, balance, and coordination necessary for daily tasks. By incorporating movements such as squatting, lifting, and reaching, functional training aims to improve not only physical performance but also the patient’s confidence in their abilities. Healthcare professionals, including physical therapists and exercise physiologists, play a crucial role in guiding patients through their exercise programs. They provide education on proper techniques, monitor progress, and adjust exercise regimens as needed to ensure safety and effectiveness. Research shows that tailored exercise prescriptions and functional training significantly enhance recovery outcomes, reduce the risk of re-injury, and promote long-term health benefits. By focusing on functional movements, patients can regain independence and improve their quality of life, ultimately leading to a more active and fulfilling lifestyle.

TRACK 19 : Preventative Physiotherapy and Injury Prevention

Preventative physiotherapy is an essential approach focused on minimizing the risk of injuries and promoting overall physical well-being. This proactive strategy involves assessing an individual's movement patterns, strength, flexibility, and functional capabilities to identify potential vulnerabilities that could lead to injury. Physiotherapists work collaboratively with patients to develop personalized exercise programs aimed at enhancing strength, stability, and flexibility. These programs often include targeted exercises to correct muscle imbalances, improve posture, and increase joint mobility, significantly reducing the likelihood of injuries during sports or daily activities. In addition to exercise prescriptions, preventative physiotherapy emphasizes education on proper techniques, ergonomics, and lifestyle modifications to further minimize injury risk. Therapists may also incorporate manual therapy and modalities like taping or bracing to support vulnerable areas. Research indicates that preventative physiotherapy can significantly reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries, particularly in athletes and active individuals. By focusing on injury prevention, this approach not only enhances physical performance but also fosters long-term health and well-being, empowering individuals to lead active, injury-free lives.

TRACK 20 : Health Equity in Physical Rehabilitation

Health equity in physical rehabilitation emphasizes the importance of providing fair and just access to rehabilitation services for all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, or geographic location. Achieving health equity means recognizing and addressing the disparities that exist in healthcare access and outcomes, particularly for marginalized populations. Barriers such as financial constraints, lack of transportation, and insufficient availability of services can hinder individuals from receiving necessary rehabilitation. By promoting health equity, rehabilitation professionals strive to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to benefit from appropriate therapies and interventions. Strategies to enhance health equity in physical rehabilitation include community outreach programs, culturally competent care, and the incorporation of telehealth services to reach underserved populations. Rehabilitation programs should also focus on patient education and engagement, empowering individuals to take an active role in their recovery. Research shows that addressing health equity leads to improved patient outcomes and enhances overall community health. By prioritizing health equity in physical rehabilitation, healthcare providers can create a more inclusive system that supports the diverse needs of all patients, ultimately fostering a healthier society.

Market Analysis

The market for novel physiotherapies and physical rehabilitation is experiencing significant growth, driven by rising rates of chronic health conditions, an aging global population, and increasing awareness of rehabilitation's role in improving quality of life. Valued at around USD 20 billion in 2023, this market is expected to grow at a steady compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6-7%, surpassing USD 30 billion by 2030.

Innovative technologies are transforming traditional rehabilitation practices. Wearable devices now enable real-time monitoring of patient progress, while robotic-assisted therapy offers precision and intensity in recovery exercises. Tele-rehabilitation, which gained traction during the COVID-19 pandemic, has expanded access to therapy, especially for patients in remote or underserved areas. Orthopedic and neurological therapies are two of the fastest-growing segments, addressing needs related to sports injuries, bone fractures, stroke recovery, and chronic musculoskeletal conditions.Regionally, North America leads the market due to advanced healthcare infrastructure and high expenditure, followed by Europe, which benefits from strong government support. Asia-Pacific is projected to see the fastest growth, driven by population demands, healthcare advancements, and rising awareness in countries like China and India.

However, barriers persist, such as the high costs associated with advanced rehabilitation technologies, limited reimbursement policies in some areas, and shortages of trained professionals. Despite these challenges, future trends in AI-driven and preventive therapies are likely to enhance personalized care and expand market reach, underscoring a promising outlook for the novel physiotherapy and physical rehabilitation industry.